Partitioned data compression using accelerator

ABSTRACT

In an embodiment, a processor includes a compression accelerator coupled to a plurality of hardware processing cores. The compression accelerator is to: receive input data to be compressed; select a particular intermediate format of a plurality of intermediate formats based on a type of compression software to be executed by at least one of the plurality of hardware processing cores; perform a duplicate string elimination operation on the input data to generate a partially compressed output in the particular intermediate format; and provide the partially compressed output in the particular intermediate format to the compression software, wherein the compression software is to perform an encoding operation on the partially compressed output to generate a final compressed output. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

FIELD OF INVENTION

Embodiments relate generally to data compression. More particularly,embodiments are related to partitioned data compression using anaccelerator.

BACKGROUND

Advances in computing and networking have been associated with the useof compression technologies to reduce the size of data. For example,internet services may utilize compression techniques to decrease thebandwidth required for network traffic. Further, computing devices mayutilize compression to reduce the amount of storage space required tostore data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a system in accordance with one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of an example voltage regulator in accordancewith one or more embodiments.

FIG. 2A is a sequence in accordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 2B is a sequence in accordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 2C is an intermediate format in accordance with one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 2D is an intermediate format in accordance with one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 2E is an intermediate format in accordance with one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of a portion of a system in accordance withone or more embodiments.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram of a multi-domain processor in accordancewith one or more embodiments.

FIG. 3C is a block diagram of a processor in accordance with one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a processor including multiple cores inaccordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a micro-architecture of a processor core inaccordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a micro-architecture of a processor core inaccordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a micro-architecture of a processor core inaccordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a micro-architecture of a processor core inaccordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a processor in accordance with one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a representative SoC in accordance withone or more embodiments.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of another example SoC in accordance with oneor more embodiments.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an example system with which one or moreembodiments can be used.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of another example system with which one ormore embodiments may be used.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a computer system in accordance with oneor more embodiments.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a system in accordance with one or moreembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Some lossless data compression algorithms incorporate Lempel-Ziv (“LZ”)algorithms such as LZ77. For example, the DEFLATE compression algorithmuses a combination of the LZ77 algorithm and Huffman coding. The LZ77algorithm performs duplicate string elimination by replacing a stringwith a reference to an earlier instance of the same string within a datastream. The reference is encoded by a length-distance (L, D) pair. Toidentify matches to earlier strings, LZ77 uses a sliding window of themost recent portion of the data stream.

In the DEFLATE algorithm, the LZ77 duplicate string eliminationoperation is followed by an encoding operation using a Huffman codingtechnique. In Huffman coding, symbols are encoded using avariable-length code table based on entropy, such that more commonsymbols are generally represented using fewer bits than less commonsymbols.

In accordance with some embodiments, a lossless compression algorithmmay be partitioned into a duplicate string elimination operationperformed by a hardware accelerator, and an encoding operation performedby compression software executed by a general purpose processor. Thehardware accelerator may provide a partially compressed output to thecompression software in an intermediate format. The intermediate formatmay be selected based on the based on a type of encoding operationperformed by the compression software.

In some embodiments, partitioning the compression algorithm intohardware and software operations may improve compression performance(e.g., speed) and compression ratios (e.g., reduction in file size).Further, the use of intermediate formats may allow the hardwareaccelerator to be used with various types of compression software,thereby enabling acceleration adaptable to multiple compressionalgorithms.

Although the following embodiments are described with reference toparticular implementations, embodiments are not limited in this regard.In particular, it is contemplated that similar techniques and teachingsof embodiments described herein may be applied to other types ofcircuits, semiconductor devices, processors, systems, etc. For example,the disclosed embodiments may be implemented in any type of computersystem, including server computers (e.g., tower, rack, blade,micro-server and so forth), communications systems, storage systems,desktop computers of any configuration, laptop, notebook, and tabletcomputers (including 2:1 tablets, phablets and so forth).

In addition, disclosed embodiments can also be used in other devices,such as handheld devices, systems on chip (SoCs), and embeddedapplications. Some examples of handheld devices include cellular phonessuch as smartphones, Internet protocol devices, digital cameras,personal digital assistants (PDAs), and handheld PCs. Embeddedapplications may typically include a microcontroller, a digital signalprocessor (DSP), network computers (NetPC), set-top boxes, network hubs,wide area network (WAN) switches, wearable devices, or any other systemthat can perform the functions and operations taught below. Further,embodiments may be implemented in mobile terminals having standard voicefunctionality such as mobile phones, smartphones and phablets, and/or innon-mobile terminals without a standard wireless voice functioncommunication capability, such as many wearables, tablets, notebooks,desktops, micro-servers, servers and so forth.

Referring now to FIG. 1A, shown is a block diagram of a system 100 inaccordance with one or more embodiments. In some embodiments, the system100 may be all or a portion of an electronic device or component. Forexample, the system 100 may be a cellular telephone, a computer, aserver, a network device, a system on a chip (SoC), a controller, awireless transceiver, a power supply unit, etc. Furthermore, in someembodiments, the system 100 may be any grouping of related orinterconnected devices, such as a datacenter, a computing cluster, etc.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the system 100 may include a processor 110, acompression accelerator 130, and memory 140. The processor 110 may be ageneral purpose hardware processor (e.g., a central processing unit(CPU), a processing core, etc.). In one or more embodiments, thecompression accelerator 130 may be a hardware unit dedicated toperforming compression operations (e.g., a compression co-processor, aplug-in card, a module, a chip, etc.). The memory 140 can be any type ofcomputer memory (e.g., dynamic random access memory (DRAM), staticrandom-access memory (SRAM), non-volatile memory (NVM), a combination ofDRAM and NVM, etc.). In some embodiments, the memory 140 may includecompression software 120. The compression software 120 may includemachine executable instructions to perform compression operations.

In some embodiments, the compression accelerator 130 may receive inputdata 105 to be compressed. The compression accelerator 130 may perform afirst compression operation on the input data 105, and may therebygenerate the partially compressed output 115. In some embodiments, thefirst compression operation may be a duplicate string eliminationoperation. For example, in some embodiments, the first compressionoperation may include the LZ77 algorithm, and may use length-distancepairs to encode duplicated strings within the input data. In otherembodiments, the first compression operation may include any othercompression algorithm(s).

In one or more embodiments, the processor 110 may execute thecompression software 120. During execution, the compression software 120receives the partially compressed output 115 from the compressionaccelerator 130. Further, the compression software 120 performs a secondcompression operation on the partially compressed output 115, and maythereby generate the final compressed output 125. In some embodiments,the second compression operation may be an encoding operation to reducethe partially compressed output 115. For example, in some embodiments,the second compression operation may use Huffman coding to generatevariable-length codes, with more frequent symbols being represented withshorter codes (i.e., fewer bits) than less frequent symbols. In otherembodiments, the second compression operation may include any othercompression algorithm(s).

In some embodiments, the compression accelerator 130 may provide thepartially compressed output 115 in a particular intermediate format. Thecompression accelerator 130 may select one of multiple intermediateformats based on a classification or type associated with thecompression software 120. For example, the intermediate format may beselected based on the type of operation performed by the compressionsoftware 120, a type or class of compression algorithm used by thecompression software 120, a classification of the compression software120, and so forth. Examples of possible intermediate formats aredescribed below with reference to FIGS. 2C-2E.

In one or more embodiments, the compression accelerator 130 maydetermine frequency information 117 for symbols included in the inputdata 105. For example, during the first compression operation, thecompression accelerator 130 can count the number of instances ofparticular strings, lengths, and distances. Further, in someembodiments, the compression accelerator 130 may provide the frequencyinformation 117 to the compression software 120 for use in performingthe second compression operation. For example, the compression software120 may use the frequency information to perform Huffman coding in thesecond compression operation.

In some embodiments, the first compression operation (performed by thecompression accelerator 130) and the second compression operation(performed by the compression software 120) may be performedsequentially to form a complete lossless compression operation. Forexample, the first and second compression operations may togetherperform a DEFLATE algorithm, a Lempel-Ziv-Oberhumer (LZO) algorithm, aLempel-Ziv-Stac (LZS) algorithm, a LZ4 algorithm, a LZF algorithm, andso forth.

In one or more embodiments, parameters or settings of the firstcompression operation can be adjusted based on a type or classassociated with the compression software 120. For example, thecompression accelerator 130 may adjust settings for a duplicate stringelimination operation, such a minimum string match size, a maximumstring match size, a history window size, and so forth. In someembodiments, such settings may be set to match characteristics of thecompression software 120, such as compression speed, decompressionspeed, compression ratio, relative priorities of speed versuscompactness, and so forth.

Referring now to FIG. 1B, shown is a processor 150 in accordance withone or more embodiments. In some embodiments, the processor 150 mayinclude a compression co-processor 170 and any number of cores160A-160N. Each of the cores 160A-160N may be a general purposeprocessing core. As shown, the compression co-processor 170 can becoupled to one or more of the cores 160A-160N.

In some embodiments, the compression co-processor 170 may generallycorrespond to the compression accelerator 130 shown in FIG. 1A. Inparticular, the compression co-processor 170 may receive input data tobe compressed, and may perform a first compression operation (e.g., aduplicate string elimination operation). Further, the compressionco-processor 170 may provide partially compressed output to a core 160that is executing compression software (not shown). The compressionco-processor 170 may be a specialized hardware circuit that is dedicatedfor data compression.

In some embodiments, the core 160 may execute the compression softwareto perform a second compression operation on the partially compressedoutput, and thereby generate a final compressed output. In someembodiments, the second compression operation may also use frequencyinformation provided by the compression co-processor 170. In suchembodiments, the compression co-processor 170 may generate the frequencyinformation by counting symbol instances in the input data stream.

Referring now to FIG. 2A, shown is a sequence 200 in accordance with oneor more embodiments. In some embodiments, the sequence 200 may be partof the compression accelerator 130 and/or the compression software 120shown in FIG. 1A. The sequence 200 may be implemented in hardware,software, and/or firmware. In firmware and software embodiments it maybe implemented by computer executed instructions stored in anon-transitory machine readable medium, such as an optical,semiconductor, or magnetic storage device. The machine readable mediummay store data, which if used by at least one machine, causes the atleast one machine to fabricate at least one integrated circuit toperform a method. For the sake of illustration, the steps involved inthe sequence 200 may be described below with reference to FIGS. 1A-1B,which show examples in accordance with some embodiments. However, thescope of the various embodiments discussed herein is not limited in thisregard.

At block 205, a hardware accelerator may receive data to be compressed.For example, referring to FIG. 1A, the compression accelerator 130receives the input data 105 to be compressed. In another example,referring to FIG. 1B, the compression co-processor 170 may receive datato be compressed.

At block 210, the hardware accelerator may perform a duplicate stringelimination operation on the input data to generate a partiallycompressed output. For example, referring to FIG. 1A, the compressionaccelerator 130 analyzes the input data 105 using a LZ77 algorithm, andthus generates the partially compressed output 115. The compressionaccelerator 130 can provide the partially compressed output 115 to thecompression software 120 executed by the processor 110.

At block 215, the hardware accelerator may select one of a plurality ofintermediate formats for the partially compressed output. Theintermediate format can be selected based on the compression softwareexecuted by processor. For example, referring to FIG. 1A, thecompression accelerator 130 can select an intermediate format that isassociated with the compression software 120. Examples of possibleintermediate formats are described below with reference to FIGS. 2C-2E.

At block 220, the hardware accelerator may provide the partiallycompressed output in the selected intermediate format to the compressionsoftware executed by processor. For example, referring to FIG. 1A, thecompression accelerator 130 provides the partially compressed output 115in the selected intermediate format to the compression software 120executed by the processor 110.

At block 225, the compression software may perform an encoding operationon the partially compressed output to generate a final compressedoutput. For example, referring to FIG. 1A, the compression software 120performs an encoding operation (e.g., Huffman coding) on the partiallycompressed output 115, and thus generates the final compressed output125. After block 225, the sequence 200 is completed.

Referring now to FIG. 2B, shown is a sequence 230 in accordance with oneor more embodiments. In some embodiments, the sequence 240 may be partof the compression accelerator 130 and/or the compression software 120shown in FIG. 1A. The sequence 230 may be implemented in hardware,software, and/or firmware. In firmware and software embodiments it maybe implemented by computer executed instructions stored in anon-transitory machine readable medium, such as an optical,semiconductor, or magnetic storage device. The machine readable mediummay store data, which if used by at least one machine, causes the atleast one machine to fabricate at least one integrated circuit toperform a method. For the sake of illustration, the steps involved inthe sequence 230 may be described below with reference to FIGS. 1A-1B,which show examples in accordance with some embodiments. However, thescope of the various embodiments discussed herein is not limited in thisregard.

At block 235, a hardware accelerator may receive data to be compressed.For example, referring to FIG. 1A, the compression accelerator 130receives the input data 105 to be compressed. In another example,referring to FIG. 1B, the compression co-processor 170 may receive datato be compressed.

At block 240, the hardware accelerator may perform a duplicate stringelimination operation on the input data to generate a partiallycompressed output. For example, referring to FIG. 1A, the compressionaccelerator 130 performs a duplicate string elimination operation on theinput data 105, and thus generates the partially compressed output 115.

At block 245, the hardware accelerator may determine frequencyinformation for symbols in the input data. For example, referring toFIG. 1A, the compression accelerator 130 may determine the frequencyinformation 117 including counts for literal strings, length, anddistances included in the input data 105.

At block 250, the hardware accelerator may select one of a plurality ofintermediate formats for the partially compressed output based on thecompression software executed by processor. For example, referring toFIG. 1A, the compression accelerator 130 can select an intermediateformat based on a classification or type associated with the compressionsoftware 120.

At block 255, the hardware accelerator may provide the frequencyinformation and the partially compressed output in the selectedintermediate format to the compression software executed by processor.For example, referring to FIG. 1A, the compression accelerator 130 mayprovide the partially compressed output 115 in the selected intermediateformat and the frequency information 117 to the compression software 120executed by the processor 110.

At block 260, the compression software may perform an encoding operationon the partially compressed output to generate a final compressedoutput. For example, referring to FIG. 1A, the compression software 120performs an encoding operation (e.g., Huffman coding) using thepartially compressed output 115 and the frequency information 117, andthus generates the final compressed output 125. After block 260, thesequence 230 is completed.

Referring now to FIG. 2C, shown is an intermediate compression format270 in accordance with one or more embodiments. Specifically, FIG. 2Cshows a literal format 270A and a length-distance format 270B(collectively referred to herein as “intermediate compression format270”). For the sake of clarity, FIG. 2C also shows a reference scale 265to indicate specific bit locations in the intermediate compressionformat 270.

In some embodiments, the literal format 270A is a 16-bit word in whichnine bits (e.g., bits <0-8>) are reserved for a literal, and seven bit(e.g., bits <9-15>) are unused. Further, the length-distance format 270Bis a 32-bit word in which nine bits (e.g., bits <0-8>) are reserved fora length code, five bits (e.g., bits <9-13>) are reserved for lengthextra bits (EB), five bits (e.g., bits <14-18>) are reserved for adistance code, and thirteen bits (e.g., bits <19-31>) are reserved fordistance extra bits.

Note that the intermediate compression format 270 may not encode lengthand distance values directly. Instead, the intermediate compressionformat 270 may map each length value or distance value into a code and anumber of extra bits. In some embodiments, the length/distance codes andextra bits may conform to a defined compression algorithm. For example,assume that the length/distance codes and extra bits used with theintermediate compression format 270 conform to the DEFLATE compressionalgorithm defined in RFC 1951. In this example, the intermediatecompression format 270 may be used for partially compressed outputprovided to compression software performing Huffman coding. Further,referring to FIGS. 1A and 2C, the compression accelerator 130 may selectthe intermediate compression format 270 for the partially compressedoutput 115 if the compression software 120 performs Huffman coding.

In some embodiments, the intermediate compression format 270 may enablecompression software to read the partially compressed output in anefficient manner. For example, referring to FIG. 1A, the compressionsoftware 120 may read a 32-bit word of the partially compressed output115. The compression software 120 may determine whether the lowersixteen bits of the 32-bit word represent a value less than or equal to256, and if so, it may encode the lower sixteen bits as a literal, andmay advance the read pointer by two bytes. Otherwise, if the compressionsoftware 120 determines that the lower sixteen bits of the 32-bit wordrepresent a value greater than 256, it may encodes the 32-bit word as alength-distance pair, and may advance the read pointer by four bytes.Accordingly, the compression software 120 may process the partiallycompressed output 115 without having to increment the read pointer onebit at a time.

Referring now to FIG. 2D, shown is an intermediate compression format280 in accordance with one or more embodiments. Specifically, FIG. 2Dshows a literal format 280A and a length-distance format 280B(collectively referred to herein as “intermediate compression format280”).

In some embodiments, the literal format 280A is a 16-bit word in whichnine bits (e.g., bits <0-8>) are reserved for a literal, and one bit(e.g., bit <15>) is set to a value (e.g., “0”) to indicate that the16-bit word represents a literal. Further, the length-distance format280B is a 32-bit word in which nine bits (e.g., bits <0-8>) are reservedfor a length value, and sixteen bits (e.g., bits <16-31>) are reservedfor a distance value. In addition, the length-distance format 280Bincludes one bit (e.g., bit <15>) that is set to a value (e.g., “1”) toindicate that the 32-bit word represents a length-distance value pair.

In some embodiments, the intermediate compression format 280 may enablecompression software to read the partially compressed output in anefficient manner. For example, referring to FIG. 1A, the compressionsoftware 120 may read a 32-bit word of the partially compressed output115. The compression software 120 may determine whether bit <15> of the32-bit word is set to the value “0,” and if so may encode the lowersixteen bits as a literal, and may advance the read pointer by twobytes. Otherwise, if the compression software 120 determines that bit<15> of the 32-bit word is set to the value “0,” it may encodes the32-bit word as a length-distance pair, and may advance the read pointerby four bytes. Accordingly, the compression software 120 may process thepartially compressed output 115 without having to increment the readpointer one bit at a time. In some embodiments, the length-distanceformat 280B may be implemented as a pair of consecutive 16-bits wordsinstead of a single 32-bit word.

Referring now to FIG. 2E, shown is an intermediate compression format290 in accordance with one or more embodiments. Specifically, FIG. 2Eshows a length of literal run format 290A, a short length-distanceformat 290B, and along length-distance format 290C (collectivelyreferred to herein as “intermediate compression format 290”).

In some embodiments, the length of literal run format 290A is an 8-bitword in which seven bits (e.g., bits <1-7>) are reserved for a length ofliteral run value (i.e., the number of literal bytes to move directly tooutput stream), and one bit (e.g., bit <0>) is set to a value (e.g.,“0”) to indicate that the 8-bit word represents a length of literal runvalue. Further, the short length-distance format 290B is a 24-bit wordin which seven bits (e.g., bits <1-7>) are reserved for a length value,sixteen bits (e.g., bits <8-23>) are reserved for a distance value, andone bit (e.g., bit <0>) is set to a value (e.g., “1”) to indicate thatthe 24-bit word represents a short length-distance value pair.

Furthermore, the long length-distance format 290C is a 32-bit word inwhich eight bits (e.g., bits <8-15>) are reserved for a length value,sixteen bits (e.g., bits <16-31>) are reserved for a distance value, andeight bits (e.g., bits <0-7>) are all set to a value (e.g., “1”) toindicate that the 32-bit word represents a long length-distance valuepair. In some embodiments, the intermediate compression format 290 mayenable compression software to read the partially compressed output inan efficient manner.

Note that the examples shown in FIGS. 1A-1B and 2A-2E are provided forthe sake of illustration, and are not intended to limit any embodiments.It is contemplated that specifics in the examples shown in FIGS. 1A-1Band 2A-2E may be used anywhere in one or more embodiments.

Referring now to FIG. 3A, shown is a block diagram of a system 300 inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG.3A, system 300 may include various components, including a processor 303which as shown is a multicore processor. Processor 303 may be coupled toa power supply 317 via an external voltage regulator 316, which mayperform a first voltage conversion to provide a primary regulatedvoltage to processor 303.

As seen, processor 303 may be a single die processor including multiplecores 304 _(a)-304 _(n). In addition, each core 304 may be associatedwith an integrated voltage regulator (IVR) 308 _(a)-308 _(n) whichreceives the primary regulated voltage and generates an operatingvoltage to be provided to one or more agents of the processor associatedwith the IVR 308. Accordingly, an IVR implementation may be provided toallow for fine-grained control of voltage and thus power and performanceof each individual core 304. As such, each core 304 can operate at anindependent voltage and frequency, enabling great flexibility andaffording wide opportunities for balancing power consumption withperformance. In some embodiments, the use of multiple IVRs 308 enablesthe grouping of components into separate power planes, such that poweris regulated and supplied by the IVR 308 to only those components in thegroup. During power management, a given power plane of one IVR 308 maybe powered down or off when the processor is placed into a certain lowpower state, while another power plane of another IVR 308 remainsactive, or fully powered.

Still referring to FIG. 3A, additional components may be present withinthe processor including an input/output interface 313, another interface314, and an integrated memory controller 315. As seen, each of thesecomponents may be powered by another integrated voltage regulator 308_(x). In one embodiment, interface 313 may be in accordance with theIntel® Quick Path Interconnect (QPI) protocol, which provides forpoint-to-point (PtP) links in a cache coherent protocol that includesmultiple layers including a physical layer, a link layer and a protocollayer. In turn, interface 314 may be in accordance with a PeripheralComponent Interconnect Express (PCIe™) specification, e.g., the PCIExpress™ Specification Base Specification version 2.0 (published Jan.17, 2007).

Also shown is a power control unit (PCU) 312, which may includehardware, software and/or firmware to perform power managementoperations with regard to processor 303. As seen, PCU 312 providescontrol information to external voltage regulator 316 via a digitalinterface to cause the external voltage regulator 316 to generate theappropriate regulated voltage. PCU 312 also provides control informationto IVRs 308 via another digital interface to control the operatingvoltage generated (or to cause a corresponding IVR 308 to be disabled ina low power mode). In some embodiments, the control information providedto IVRs 308 may include a power state of a corresponding core 304.

In various embodiments, PCU 312 may include a variety of powermanagement logic units to perform hardware-based power management. Suchpower management may be wholly processor controlled (e.g., by variousprocessor hardware, and which may be triggered by workload and/or power,thermal or other processor constraints) and/or the power management maybe performed responsive to external sources (such as a platform ormanagement power management source or system software).

In some embodiments, the compression accelerator 310 may generallycorrespond to the compression accelerator 130 shown in FIG. 1A. Further,any of the cores 304 may execute the compression software 120 shown inFIG. 1A. In some embodiments, the processor 303 may implement some orall of the functionality described above with reference to FIGS. 2A-2E.While not shown for ease of illustration, understand that additionalcomponents may be present within processor 303 such as uncore logic, andother components such as internal memories, e.g., one or more levels ofa cache memory hierarchy and so forth. Furthermore, while shown in theimplementation of FIG. 3A with an external voltage regulator,embodiments are not so limited.

Embodiments can be implemented in processors for various marketsincluding server processors, desktop processors, mobile processors andso forth. Referring now to FIG. 3B, shown is a block diagram of amulti-domain processor 301 in accordance with one or more embodiments.As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 3B, processor 301 includes multipledomains. Specifically, a core domain 321 can include a plurality ofcores 320 ₀-320 _(n), a graphics domain 324 can include one or moregraphics engines, and a system agent domain 330 may further be present.In some embodiments, system agent domain 330 may execute at anindependent frequency than the core domain and may remain powered on atall times to handle power control events and power management such thatdomains 321 and 324 can be controlled to dynamically enter into and exithigh power and low power states. Each of domains 321 and 324 may operateat different voltage and/or power. Note that while only shown with threedomains, understand the scope of the present invention is not limited inthis regard and additional domains can be present in other embodiments.For example, multiple core domains may be present, with each core domainincluding at least one core.

In general, each core 320 may further include low level caches inaddition to various execution units and additional processing elements.In turn, the various cores may be coupled to each other and to a sharedcache memory formed of a plurality of units of a last level cache (LLC)322 ₀-322 _(n). In various embodiments, LLC 322 may be shared amongstthe cores and the graphics engine, as well as various media processingcircuitry. As seen, a ring interconnect 323 thus couples the corestogether, and provides interconnection between the cores 320, graphicsdomain 324 and system agent domain 330. In one embodiment, interconnect323 can be part of the core domain 321. However, in other embodiments,the ring interconnect 323 can be of its own domain.

As further seen, system agent domain 330 may include display controller332 which may provide control of and an interface to an associateddisplay. In addition, system agent domain 330 may include a powercontrol unit 335 to perform power management.

As further seen in FIG. 3B, processor 301 can further include anintegrated memory controller (IMC) 342 that can provide for an interfaceto a system memory, such as a dynamic random access memory (DRAM).Multiple interfaces 340 ₀-340 _(n) may be present to enableinterconnection between the processor and other circuitry. For example,in one embodiment at least one direct media interface (DMI) interfacemay be provided as well as one or more PCIe™ interfaces. Still further,to provide for communications between other agents such as additionalprocessors or other circuitry, one or more interfaces in accordance withan Intel® Quick Path Interconnect (QPI) protocol may also be provided.Although shown at this high level in the embodiment of FIG. 3B,understand the scope of the present invention is not limited in thisregard.

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 3B, in someembodiments, processor 301 may include the compression accelerator 130and the compression software 120 shown in FIG. 1A. Further, processor301 may include some or all of the functionality described above withreference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

While not shown for ease of illustration, understand that additionalcomponents may be present within processor 303 such as uncore logic, andother components such as internal memories, e.g., one or more levels ofa cache memory hierarchy and so forth. Furthermore, while shown in theimplementation of FIG. 3A with an external voltage regulator,embodiments are not so limited.

Referring now to FIG. 3C, shown is a block diagram of a processor 302 inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG.3C, processor 302 may be a multicore processor including a plurality ofcores 370 _(a)-370 _(n). In one embodiment, each such core may be of anindependent power domain and can be configured to enter and exit activestates and/or maximum performance states based on workload. The variouscores may be coupled via an interconnect 375 to a system agent or uncore380 that includes various components. As seen, the uncore 380 mayinclude a shared cache 382 which may be a last level cache. In addition,the uncore 380 may include an integrated memory controller 384 tocommunicate with a system memory (not shown in FIG. 3C), e.g., via amemory bus. Uncore 380 also includes various interfaces 386 a-386 n anda power control unit 388, which may include logic to perform the powermanagement techniques described herein.

In addition, by interfaces 386 a-386 n, connection can be made tovarious off-chip components such as peripheral devices, mass storage andso forth. While shown with this particular implementation in theembodiment of FIG. 3C, the scope of the present invention is not limitedin this regard.

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 3C, in someembodiments, processor 302 may include the compression accelerator 130and the compression software 120 shown in FIG. 1A. Further, processor302 may include some or all of the functionality described above withreference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

Referring to FIG. 4, an embodiment of a processor including multiplecores is illustrated. Processor 400 includes any processor or processingdevice, such as a microprocessor, an embedded processor, a digitalsignal processor (DSP), a network processor, a handheld processor, anapplication processor, a co-processor, a system on a chip (SoC), orother device to execute code. Processor 400, in one embodiment, includesat least two cores—cores 401 and 402, which may include asymmetric coresor symmetric cores (the illustrated embodiment). However, processor 400may include any number of processing elements that may be symmetric orasymmetric.

In one embodiment, a processing element refers to hardware or logic tosupport a software thread. Examples of hardware processing elementsinclude: a thread unit, a thread slot, a thread, a process unit, acontext, a context unit, a logical processor, a hardware thread, a core,and/or any other element, which is capable of holding a state for aprocessor, such as an execution state or architectural state. In otherwords, a processing element, in one embodiment, refers to any hardwarecapable of being independently associated with code, such as a softwarethread, operating system, application, or other code. A physicalprocessor typically refers to an integrated circuit, which potentiallyincludes any number of other processing elements, such as cores orhardware threads.

A core often refers to logic located on an integrated circuit capable ofmaintaining an independent architectural state, wherein eachindependently maintained architectural state is associated with at leastsome dedicated execution resources. In contrast to cores, a hardwarethread typically refers to any logic located on an integrated circuitcapable of maintaining an independent architectural state, wherein theindependently maintained architectural states share access to executionresources. As can be seen, when certain resources are shared and othersare dedicated to an architectural state, the line between thenomenclature of a hardware thread and core overlaps. Yet often, a coreand a hardware thread are viewed by an operating system as individuallogical processors, where the operating system is able to individuallyschedule operations on each logical processor.

Physical processor 400, as illustrated in FIG. 4, includes two cores,cores 401 and 402. Here, cores 401 and 402 are considered symmetriccores, i.e., cores with the same configurations, functional units,and/or logic. In another embodiment, core 401 includes an out-of-orderprocessor core, while core 402 includes an in-order processor core.However, cores 401 and 402 may be individually selected from any type ofcore, such as a native core, a software managed core, a core adapted toexecute a native instruction set architecture (ISA), a core adapted toexecute a translated ISA, a co-designed core, or other known core. Yetto further the discussion, the functional units illustrated in core 401are described in further detail below, as the units in core 402 operatein a similar manner.

As depicted, core 401 includes two hardware threads 401 a and 401 b,which may also be referred to as hardware thread slots 401 a and 401 b.Therefore, software entities, such as an operating system, in oneembodiment potentially view processor 400 as four separate processors,i.e., four logical processors or processing elements capable ofexecuting four software threads concurrently. As alluded to above, afirst thread is associated with architecture state registers 401 a, asecond thread is associated with architecture state registers 401 b, athird thread may be associated with architecture state registers 402 a,and a fourth thread may be associated with architecture state registers402 b. Here, each of the architecture state registers (401 a, 401 b, 402a, and 402 b) may be referred to as processing elements, thread slots,or thread units, as described above. As illustrated, architecture stateregisters 401 a are replicated in architecture state registers 401 b, soindividual architecture states/contexts are capable of being stored forlogical processor 401 a and logical processor 401 b. In core 401, othersmaller resources, such as instruction pointers and renaming logic inallocator and renamer block 430 may also be replicated for threads 401 aand 401 b. Some resources, such as re-order buffers inreorder/retirement unit 435, ILTB 420, load/store buffers, and queuesmay be shared through partitioning. Other resources, such as generalpurpose internal registers, page-table base register(s), low-leveldata-cache and data-TLB 415, execution unit(s) 440, and portions ofout-of-order unit 435 are potentially fully shared.

Processor 400 often includes other resources, which may be fully shared,shared through partitioning, or dedicated by/to processing elements. InFIG. 4, an embodiment of a purely exemplary processor with illustrativelogical units/resources of a processor is illustrated. Note that aprocessor may include, or omit, any of these functional units, as wellas include any other known functional units, logic, or firmware notdepicted. As illustrated, core 401 includes a simplified, representativeout-of-order (OOO) processor core. But an in-order processor may beutilized in different embodiments. The OOO core includes a branch targetbuffer 420 to predict branches to be executed/taken and aninstruction-translation buffer (I-TLB) 420 to store address translationentries for instructions.

Core 401 further includes decode module 425 coupled to fetch unit 420 todecode fetched elements. Fetch logic, in one embodiment, includesindividual sequencers associated with thread slots 401 a, 401 b,respectively. Usually core 401 is associated with a first ISA, whichdefines/specifies instructions executable on processor 400. Oftenmachine code instructions that are part of the first ISA include aportion of the instruction (referred to as an opcode), whichreferences/specifies an instruction or operation to be performed. Decodelogic 425 includes circuitry that recognizes these instructions fromtheir opcodes and passes the decoded instructions on in the pipeline forprocessing as defined by the first ISA. For example, decoders 425, inone embodiment, include logic designed or adapted to recognize specificinstructions, such as transactional instruction. As a result of therecognition by decoders 425, the architecture or core 401 takesspecific, predefined actions to perform tasks associated with theappropriate instruction. It is important to note that any of the tasks,blocks, operations, and methods described herein may be performed inresponse to a single or multiple instructions; some of which may be newor old instructions.

In one example, allocator and renamer block 430 includes an allocator toreserve resources, such as register files to store instructionprocessing results. However, threads 401 a and 401 b are potentiallycapable of out-of-order execution, where allocator and renamer block 430also reserves other resources, such as reorder buffers to trackinstruction results. Unit 430 may also include a register renamer torename program/instruction reference registers to other registersinternal to processor 400. Reorder/retirement unit 435 includescomponents, such as the reorder buffers mentioned above, load buffers,and store buffers, to support out-of-order execution and later in-orderretirement of instructions executed out-of-order.

Scheduler and execution unit(s) block 440, in one embodiment, includes ascheduler unit to schedule instructions/operation on execution units.For example, a floating point instruction is scheduled on a port of anexecution unit that has an available floating point execution unit.Register files associated with the execution units are also included tostore information instruction processing results. Exemplary executionunits include a floating point execution unit, an integer executionunit, a jump execution unit, a load execution unit, a store executionunit, and other known execution units.

Lower level data cache and data translation buffer (D-TLB) 450 arecoupled to execution unit(s) 440. The data cache is to store recentlyused/operated on elements, such as data operands, which are potentiallyheld in memory coherency states. The D-TLB is to store recentvirtual/linear to physical address translations. As a specific example,a processor may include a page table structure to break physical memoryinto a plurality of virtual pages.

Here, cores 401 and 402 share access to higher-level or further-outcache 410, which is to cache recently fetched elements. Note thathigher-level or further-out refers to cache levels increasing or gettingfurther away from the execution unit(s). In one embodiment, higher-levelcache 410 is a last-level data cache—last cache in the memory hierarchyon processor 400—such as a second or third level data cache. However,higher level cache 410 is not so limited, as it may be associated withor includes an instruction cache. A trace cache—a type of instructioncache—instead may be coupled after decoder 425 to store recently decodedtraces.

In the depicted configuration, processor 400 also includes bus interfacemodule 405 and a power controller 460, which may perform powermanagement in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Inthis scenario, bus interface 405 is to communicate with devices externalto processor 400, such as system memory and other components.

A memory controller 470 may interface with other devices such as one ormany memories. In an example, bus interface 405 includes a ringinterconnect with a memory controller for interfacing with a memory anda graphics controller for interfacing with a graphics processor. In anSoC environment, even more devices, such as a network interface,coprocessors, memory, graphics processor, and any other known computerdevices/interface may be integrated on a single die or integratedcircuit to provide small form factor with high functionality and lowpower consumption.

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 4, in someembodiments, processor 400 may include the compression accelerator 130and the compression software 120 shown in FIG. 1A. Further, processor400 may include some or all of the functionality described above withreference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

Referring now to FIG. 5, shown is a block diagram of amicro-architecture of a processor core in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention. As shown in FIG. 5, processor core 500 may bea multi-stage pipelined out-of-order processor. Core 500 may operate atvarious voltages based on a received operating voltage, which may bereceived from an integrated voltage regulator or external voltageregulator.

As seen in FIG. 5, core 500 includes front end units 510, which may beused to fetch instructions to be executed and prepare them for use laterin the processor pipeline. For example, front end units 510 may includea fetch unit 501, an instruction cache 503, and an instruction decoder505. In some implementations, front end units 510 may further include atrace cache, along with microcode storage as well as a micro-operationstorage. Fetch unit 501 may fetch macro-instructions, e.g., from memoryor instruction cache 503, and feed them to instruction decoder 505 todecode them into primitives, i.e., micro-operations for execution by theprocessor.

Coupled between front end units 510 and execution units 520 is anout-of-order (OOO) engine 515 that may be used to receive themicro-instructions and prepare them for execution. More specifically OOOengine 515 may include various buffers to re-order micro-instructionflow and allocate various resources needed for execution, as well as toprovide renaming of logical registers onto storage locations withinvarious register files such as register file 530 and extended registerfile 535. Register file 530 may include separate register files forinteger and floating point operations. Extended register file 535 mayprovide storage for vector-sized units, e.g., 256 or 512 bits perregister.

Various resources may be present in execution units 520, including, forexample, various integer, floating point, and single instructionmultiple data (SIMD) logic units, among other specialized hardware. Forexample, such execution units may include one or more arithmetic logicunits (ALUs) 522 and one or more vector execution units 524, among othersuch execution units.

Results from the execution units may be provided to retirement logic,namely a reorder buffer (ROB) 540. More specifically, ROB 540 mayinclude various arrays and logic to receive information associated withinstructions that are executed. This information is then examined by ROB540 to determine whether the instructions can be validly retired andresult data committed to the architectural state of the processor, orwhether one or more exceptions occurred that prevent a proper retirementof the instructions. Of course, ROB 540 may handle other operationsassociated with retirement.

As shown in FIG. 5, ROB 540 is coupled to a cache 550 which, in oneembodiment may be a low level cache (e.g., an L1 cache) although thescope of the present invention is not limited in this regard. Also,execution units 520 can be directly coupled to cache 550. From cache550, data communication may occur with higher level caches, systemmemory and so forth. While shown with this high level in the embodimentof FIG. 5, understand the scope of the present invention is not limitedin this regard. For example, while the implementation of FIG. 5 is withregard to an out-of-order machine such as of an Intel® x86 instructionset architecture (ISA), the scope of the present invention is notlimited in this regard. That is, other embodiments may be implemented inan in-order processor, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC)processor such as an ARM-based processor, or a processor of another typeof ISA that can emulate instructions and operations of a different ISAvia an emulation engine and associated logic circuitry.

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 5, in someembodiments, the core 500 may include the compression software 120 shownin FIG. 1A. Further, the core 500 may include some or all of thefunctionality described above with reference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

Referring now to FIG. 6, shown is a block diagram of amicro-architecture of a processor core in accordance with anotherembodiment. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, core 600 may be a low powercore of a different micro-architecture, such as an Intel® Atom™-basedprocessor having a relatively limited pipeline depth designed to reducepower consumption. As seen, core 600 includes an instruction cache 610coupled to provide instructions to an instruction decoder 615. A branchpredictor 605 may be coupled to instruction cache 610. Note thatinstruction cache 610 may further be coupled to another level of a cachememory, such as an L2 cache (not shown for ease of illustration in FIG.6). In turn, instruction decoder 615 provides decoded instructions to anissue queue 620 for storage and delivery to a given execution pipeline.A microcode ROM 618 is coupled to instruction decoder 615.

A floating point pipeline 630 includes a floating point register file632 which may include a plurality of architectural registers of a givenbit with such as 128, 256 or 512 bits. Pipeline 630 includes a floatingpoint scheduler 634 to schedule instructions for execution on one ofmultiple execution units of the pipeline. In the embodiment shown, suchexecution units include an ALU 635, a shuffle unit 636, and a floatingpoint adder 638. In turn, results generated in these execution units maybe provided back to buffers and/or registers of register file 632. Ofcourse understand while shown with these few example execution units,additional or different floating point execution units may be present inanother embodiment.

An integer pipeline 640 also may be provided. In the embodiment shown,pipeline 640 includes an integer register file 642 which may include aplurality of architectural registers of a given bit with such as 128 or256 bits. Pipeline 640 includes an integer scheduler 644 to scheduleinstructions for execution on one of multiple execution units of thepipeline. In the embodiment shown, such execution units include an ALU645, a shifter unit 646, and a jump execution unit 648. In turn, resultsgenerated in these execution units may be provided back to buffersand/or registers of register file 642. Of course understand while shownwith these few example execution units, additional or different integerexecution units may be present in another embodiment.

A memory execution scheduler 650 may schedule memory operations forexecution in an address generation unit 652, which is also coupled to aTLB 654. As seen, these structures may couple to a data cache 660, whichmay be a L0 and/or L1 data cache that in turn couples to additionallevels of a cache memory hierarchy, including an L2 cache memory.

To provide support for out-of-order execution, an allocator/renamer 670may be provided, in addition to a reorder buffer 680, which isconfigured to reorder instructions executed out of order for retirementin order. Although shown with this particular pipeline architecture inthe illustration of FIG. 6, understand that many variations andalternatives are possible.

Note that in a processor having asymmetric cores, such as in accordancewith the micro-architectures of FIGS. 5 and 6, workloads may bedynamically swapped between the cores for power management reasons, asthese cores, although having different pipeline designs and depths, maybe of the same or related ISA. Such dynamic core swapping may beperformed in a manner transparent to a user application (and possiblykernel also).

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 6, in someembodiments, the core 600 may include the compression software 120 shownin FIG. 1A. Further, the core 600 may include some or all of thefunctionality described above with reference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

Referring to FIG. 7, shown is a block diagram of a micro-architecture ofa processor core in accordance with yet another embodiment. Asillustrated in FIG. 7, a core 700 may include a multi-staged in-orderpipeline to execute at very low power consumption levels. As one suchexample, processor 700 may have a micro-architecture in accordance withan ARM Cortex A53 design available from ARM Holdings, LTD., Sunnyvale,Calif. In an implementation, an 8-stage pipeline may be provided that isconfigured to execute both 32-bit and 64-bit code. Core 700 includes afetch unit 710 that is configured to fetch instructions and provide themto a decode unit 715, which may decode the instructions, e.g.,macro-instructions of a given ISA such as an ARMv8 ISA. Note furtherthat a queue 730 may couple to decode unit 715 to store decodedinstructions. Decoded instructions are provided to an issue logic 725,where the decoded instructions may be issued to a given one of multipleexecution units.

With further reference to FIG. 7, issue logic 725 may issue instructionsto one of multiple execution units. In the embodiment shown, theseexecution units include an integer unit 735, a multiply unit 740, afloating point/vector unit 750, a dual issue unit 760, and a load/storeunit 770. The results of these different execution units may be providedto a writeback unit 780. Understand that while a single writeback unitis shown for ease of illustration, in some implementations separatewriteback units may be associated with each of the execution units.Furthermore, understand that while each of the units and logic shown inFIG. 7 is represented at a high level, a particular implementation mayinclude more or different structures. A processor designed using one ormore cores having a pipeline as in FIG. 7 may be implemented in manydifferent end products, extending from mobile devices to server systems.

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 7, in someembodiments, the core 700 may include the compression software 120 shownin FIG. 1A. Further, the core 700 may include some or all of thefunctionality described above with reference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

Referring now to FIG. 8, shown is a block diagram of amicro-architecture of a processor core in accordance with a stillfurther embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 8, a core 800 may include amulti-stage multi-issue out-of-order pipeline to execute at very highperformance levels (which may occur at higher power consumption levelsthan core 700 of FIG. 7). As one such example, processor 800 may have amicroarchitecture in accordance with an ARM Cortex A57 design. In animplementation, a 15 (or greater)-stage pipeline may be provided that isconfigured to execute both 32-bit and 64-bit code. In addition, thepipeline may provide for 3 (or greater)-wide and 3 (or greater)-issueoperation. Core 800 includes a fetch unit 810 that is configured tofetch instructions and provide them to a decoder/renamer/dispatcher 815,which may decode the instructions, e.g., macro-instructions of an ARMv8instruction set architecture, rename register references within theinstructions, and dispatch the instructions (eventually) to a selectedexecution unit. Decoded instructions may be stored in a queue 825. Notethat while a single queue structure is shown for ease of illustration inFIG. 8, understand that separate queues may be provided for each of themultiple different types of execution units.

Also shown in FIG. 8 is an issue logic 830 from which decodedinstructions stored in queue 825 may be issued to a selected executionunit. Issue logic 830 also may be implemented in a particular embodimentwith a separate issue logic for each of the multiple different types ofexecution units to which issue logic 830 couples.

Decoded instructions may be issued to a given one of multiple executionunits. In the embodiment shown, these execution units include one ormore integer units 835, a multiply unit 840, a floating point/vectorunit 850, a branch unit 860, and a load/store unit 870. In anembodiment, floating point/vector unit 850 may be configured to handleSIMD or vector data of 128 or 256 bits. Still further, floatingpoint/vector execution unit 850 may perform IEEE-754 double precisionfloating-point operations. The results of these different executionunits may be provided to a writeback unit 880. Note that in someimplementations separate writeback units may be associated with each ofthe execution units. Furthermore, understand that while each of theunits and logic shown in FIG. 8 is represented at a high level, aparticular implementation may include more or different structures.

Note that in a processor having asymmetric cores, such as in accordancewith the micro-architectures of FIGS. 7 and 8, workloads may bedynamically swapped for power management reasons, as these cores,although having different pipeline designs and depths, may be of thesame or related ISA. Such dynamic core swapping may be performed in amanner transparent to a user application (and possibly kernel also).

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 8, in someembodiments, the core 800 may include the compression software 120 shownin FIG. 1A. Further, the core 800 may include some or all of thefunctionality described above with reference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

A processor designed using one or more cores having pipelines as in anyone or more of FIGS. 5-8 may be implemented in many different endproducts, extending from mobile devices to server systems. Referring nowto FIG. 9, shown is a block diagram of a processor in accordance withanother embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment of FIG.9, processor 900 may be a SoC including multiple domains, each of whichmay be controlled to operate at an independent operating voltage andoperating frequency. As a specific illustrative example, processor 900may be an Intel® Architecture Core™-based processor such as an i3, i5,i7 or another such processor available from Intel Corporation. However,other low power processors such as available from Advanced MicroDevices, Inc. (AMD) of Sunnyvale, Calif., an ARM-based design from ARMHoldings, Ltd. or licensee thereof or a MIPS-based design from MIPSTechnologies, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif., or their licensees or adoptersmay instead be present in other embodiments such as an Apple A7processor, a Qualcomm Snapdragon processor, or Texas Instruments OMAPprocessor. Such SoC may be used in a low power system such as asmartphone, tablet computer, phablet computer, Ultrabook™ computer orother portable computing device.

In the high level view shown in FIG. 9, processor 900 includes aplurality of core units 910 ₀-910 _(n). Each core unit may include oneor more processor cores, one or more cache memories and other circuitry.Each core unit 910 may support one or more instructions sets (e.g., anx86 instruction set (with some extensions that have been added withnewer versions); a MIPS instruction set; an ARM instruction set (withoptional additional extensions such as NEON)) or other instruction setor combinations thereof. Note that some of the core units may beheterogeneous resources (e.g., of a different design). In addition, eachsuch core may be coupled to a cache memory (not shown) which in anembodiment may be a shared level (L2) cache memory. A non-volatilestorage 930 may be used to store various program and other data. Forexample, this storage may be used to store at least portions ofmicrocode, boot information such as a BIOS, other system software or soforth.

Each core unit 910 may also include an interface such as a bus interfaceunit to enable interconnection to additional circuitry of the processor.In an embodiment, each core unit 910 couples to a coherent fabric thatmay act as a primary cache coherent on-die interconnect that in turncouples to a memory controller 935. In turn, memory controller 935controls communications with a memory such as a DRAM (not shown for easeof illustration in FIG. 9).

In addition to core units, additional processing engines are presentwithin the processor, including at least one graphics unit 920 which mayinclude one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) to perform graphicsprocessing as well as to possibly execute general purpose operations onthe graphics processor (so-called GPGPU operation). In addition, atleast one image signal processor 925 may be present. Signal processor925 may be configured to process incoming image data received from oneor more capture devices, either internal to the SoC or off-chip.

Other accelerators also may be present. In the illustration of FIG. 9, avideo coder 950 may perform coding operations including encoding anddecoding for video information, e.g., providing hardware accelerationsupport for high definition video content. A display controller 955further may be provided to accelerate display operations includingproviding support for internal and external displays of a system. Inaddition, a security processor 945 may be present to perform securityoperations such as secure boot operations, various cryptographyoperations and so forth.

Each of the units may have its power consumption controlled via a powermanager 940, which may include control logic to perform the variouspower management techniques described herein.

In some embodiments, SoC 900 may further include a non-coherent fabriccoupled to the coherent fabric to which various peripheral devices maycouple. One or more interfaces 960 a-960 d enable communication with oneor more off-chip devices. Such communications may be according to avariety of communication protocols such as PCIe™ GPIO, USB, I²C, UART,MIPI, SDIO, DDR, SPI, HDMI, among other types of communicationprotocols. Although shown at this high level in the embodiment of FIG.9, understand the scope of the present invention is not limited in thisregard.

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 9, in someembodiments, the SoC 900 may include the compression accelerator 130 andthe compression software 120 shown in FIG. 1A. Further, the SoC 900 mayinclude some or all of the functionality described above with referenceto FIGS. 2A-2E.

Referring now to FIG. 10, shown is a block diagram of a representativeSoC. In the embodiment shown, SoC 1000 may be a multi-core SoCconfigured for low power operation to be optimized for incorporationinto a smartphone or other low power device such as a tablet computer orother portable computing device. As an example, SoC 1000 may beimplemented using asymmetric or different types of cores, such ascombinations of higher power and/or low power cores, e.g., out-of-ordercores and in-order cores. In different embodiments, these cores may bebased on an Intel® Architecture™ core design or an ARM architecturedesign. In yet other embodiments, a mix of Intel and ARM cores may beimplemented in a given SoC.

As seen in FIG. 10, SoC 1000 includes a first core domain 1010 having aplurality of first cores 1012 ₀-1012 ₃. In an example, these cores maybe low power cores such as in-order cores. In one embodiment these firstcores may be implemented as ARM Cortex A53 cores. In turn, these corescouple to a cache memory 1015 of core domain 1010. In addition, SoC 1000includes a second core domain 1020. In the illustration of FIG. 10,second core domain 1020 has a plurality of second cores 1022 ₀-1022 ₃.In an example, these cores may be higher power-consuming cores thanfirst cores 1012. In an embodiment, the second cores may be out-of-ordercores, which may be implemented as ARM Cortex A57 cores. In turn, thesecores couple to a cache memory 1025 of core domain 1020. Note that whilethe example shown in FIG. 10 includes 4 cores in each domain, understandthat more or fewer cores may be present in a given domain in otherexamples.

With further reference to FIG. 10, a graphics domain 1030 also isprovided, which may include one or more graphics processing units (GPUs)configured to independently execute graphics workloads, e.g., providedby one or more cores of core domains 1010 and 1020. As an example, GPUdomain 1030 may be used to provide display support for a variety ofscreen sizes, in addition to providing graphics and display renderingoperations.

As seen, the various domains couple to a coherent interconnect 1040,which in an embodiment may be a cache coherent interconnect fabric thatin turn couples to an integrated memory controller 1050. Coherentinterconnect 1040 may include a shared cache memory, such as an L3cache, some examples. In an embodiment, memory controller 1050 may be adirect memory controller to provide for multiple channels ofcommunication with an off-chip memory, such as multiple channels of aDRAM (not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 10).

In different examples, the number of the core domains may vary. Forexample, for a low power SoC suitable for incorporation into a mobilecomputing device, a limited number of core domains such as shown in FIG.10 may be present. Still further, in such low power SoCs, core domain1020 including higher power cores may have fewer numbers of such cores.For example, in one implementation two cores 1022 may be provided toenable operation at reduced power consumption levels. In addition, thedifferent core domains may also be coupled to an interrupt controller toenable dynamic swapping of workloads between the different domains.

In yet other embodiments, a greater number of core domains, as well asadditional optional IP logic may be present, in that an SoC can bescaled to higher performance (and power) levels for incorporation intoother computing devices, such as desktops, servers, high performancecomputing systems, base stations forth. As one such example, 4 coredomains each having a given number of out-of-order cores may beprovided. Still further, in addition to optional GPU support (which asan example may take the form of a GPGPU), one or more accelerators toprovide optimized hardware support for particular functions (e.g. webserving, network processing, switching or so forth) also may beprovided. In addition, an input/output interface may be present tocouple such accelerators to off-chip components.

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 10, in someembodiments, the SoC 1000 may include the compression accelerator 130and the compression software 120 shown in FIG. 1A. Further, the SoC 1000may include some or all of the functionality described above withreference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

Referring now to FIG. 11, shown is a block diagram of another exampleSoC. In the embodiment of FIG. 11, SoC 1100 may include variouscircuitry to enable high performance for multimedia applications,communications and other functions. As such, SoC 1100 is suitable forincorporation into a wide variety of portable and other devices, such assmartphones, tablet computers, smart TVs and so forth. In the exampleshown, SoC 1100 includes a central processor unit (CPU) domain 1110. Inan embodiment, a plurality of individual processor cores may be presentin CPU domain 1110. As one example, CPU domain 1110 may be a quad coreprocessor having 4 multithreaded cores. Such processors may behomogeneous or heterogeneous processors, e.g., a mix of low power andhigh power processor cores.

In turn, a GPU domain 1120 is provided to perform advanced graphicsprocessing in one or more GPUs to handle graphics and compute APIs. ADSP unit 1130 may provide one or more low power DSPs for handlinglow-power multimedia applications such as music playback, audio/videoand so forth, in addition to advanced calculations that may occur duringexecution of multimedia instructions. In turn, a communication unit 1140may include various components to provide connectivity via variouswireless protocols, such as cellular communications (including 3G/4GLTE), wireless local area techniques such as Bluetooth™, IEEE 802.11,and so forth.

Still further, a multimedia processor 1150 may be used to performcapture and playback of high definition video and audio content,including processing of user gestures. A sensor unit 1160 may include aplurality of sensors and/or a sensor controller to interface to variousoff-chip sensors present in a given platform. An image signal processor1170 may be provided with one or more separate ISPs to perform imageprocessing with regard to captured content from one or more cameras of aplatform, including still and video cameras.

A display processor 1180 may provide support for connection to a highdefinition display of a given pixel density, including the ability towirelessly communicate content for playback on such display. Stillfurther, a location unit 1190 may include a GPS receiver with supportfor multiple GPS constellations to provide applications highly accuratepositioning information obtained using as such GPS receiver. Understandthat while shown with this particular set of components in the exampleof FIG. 11, many variations and alternatives are possible.

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 11, in someembodiments, the SoC 1100 may include the compression accelerator 130and the compression software 120 shown in FIG. 1A. Further, the SoC 1100may include some or all of the functionality described above withreference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

Referring now to FIG. 12, shown is a block diagram of an example systemwith which embodiments can be used. As seen, system 1200 may be asmartphone or other wireless communicator. A baseband processor 1205 isconfigured to perform various signal processing with regard tocommunication signals to be transmitted from or received by the system.In turn, baseband processor 1205 is coupled to an application processor1210, which may be a main CPU of the system to execute an OS and othersystem software, in addition to user applications such as manywell-known social media and multimedia apps. Application processor 1210may further be configured to perform a variety of other computingoperations for the device.

In turn, application processor 1210 can couple to a userinterface/display 1220, e.g., a touch screen display. In addition,application processor 1210 may couple to a memory system including anon-volatile memory, namely a flash memory 1230 and a system memory,namely a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) 1235. As further seen,application processor 1210 further couples to a capture device 1240 suchas one or more image capture devices that can record video and/or stillimages.

Still referring to FIG. 12, a universal integrated circuit card (UICC)1240 comprising a subscriber identity module and possibly a securestorage and cryptoprocessor is also coupled to application processor1210. System 1200 may further include a security processor 1250 that maycouple to application processor 1210. A plurality of sensors 1225 maycouple to application processor 1210 to enable input of a variety ofsensed information such as accelerometer and other environmentalinformation. An audio output device 1295 may provide an interface tooutput sound, e.g., in the form of voice communications, played orstreaming audio data and so forth.

As further illustrated, a near field communication (NFC) contactlessinterface 1260 is provided that communicates in a NFC near field via anNFC antenna 1265. While separate antennae are shown in FIG. 12,understand that in some implementations one antenna or a different setof antennae may be provided to enable various wireless functionality.

A power management integrated circuit (PMIC) 1215 couples to applicationprocessor 1210 to perform platform level power management. To this end,PMIC 1215 may issue power management requests to application processor1210 to enter certain low power states as desired. Furthermore, based onplatform constraints, PMIC 1215 may also control the power level ofother components of system 1200.

To enable communications to be transmitted and received, variouscircuitry may be coupled between baseband processor 1205 and an antenna1290. Specifically, a radio frequency (RF) transceiver 1270 and awireless local area network (WLAN) transceiver 1275 may be present. Ingeneral, RF transceiver 1270 may be used to receive and transmitwireless data and calls according to a given wireless communicationprotocol such as 3G or 4G wireless communication protocol such as inaccordance with a code division multiple access (CDMA), global systemfor mobile communication (GSM), long term evolution (LTE) or otherprotocol. In addition a GPS sensor 1280 may be present. Other wirelesscommunications such as receipt or transmission of radio signals, e.g.,AM/FM and other signals may also be provided. In addition, via WLANtransceiver 1275, local wireless communications, such as according to aBluetooth™ standard or an IEEE 802.11 standard such as IEEE802.11a/b/g/n can also be realized.

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 12, in someembodiments, the system 1200 may include the compression accelerator 130and the compression software 120 shown in FIG. 1A. Further, the system1200 may include some or all of the functionality described above withreference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

Referring now to FIG. 13, shown is a block diagram of another examplesystem with which embodiments may be used. In the illustration of FIG.13, system 1300 may be mobile low-power system such as a tabletcomputer, 2:1 tablet, phablet or other convertible or standalone tabletsystem. As illustrated, a SoC 1310 is present and may be configured tooperate as an application processor for the device.

A variety of devices may couple to SoC 1310. In the illustration shown,a memory subsystem includes a flash memory 1340 and a DRAM 1345 coupledto SoC 1310. In addition, a touch panel 1320 is coupled to the SoC 1310to provide display capability and user input via touch, includingprovision of a virtual keyboard on a display of touch panel 1320. Toprovide wired network connectivity, SoC 1310 couples to an Ethernetinterface 1330. A peripheral hub 1325 is coupled to SoC 1310 to enableinterfacing with various peripheral devices, such as may be coupled tosystem 1300 by any of various ports or other connectors.

In addition to internal power management circuitry and functionalitywithin SoC 1310, a PMIC 1380 is coupled to SoC 1310 to provideplatform-based power management, e.g., based on whether the system ispowered by a battery 1390 or AC power via an AC adapter 1395. Inaddition to this power source-based power management, PMIC 1380 mayfurther perform platform power management activities based onenvironmental and usage conditions. Still further, PMIC 1380 maycommunicate control and status information to SoC 1310 to cause variouspower management actions within SoC 1310.

Still referring to FIG. 13, to provide for wireless capabilities, a WLANunit 1350 is coupled to SoC 1310 and in turn to an antenna 1355. Invarious implementations, WLAN unit 1350 may provide for communicationaccording to one or more wireless protocols, including an IEEE 802.11protocol, a Bluetooth™ protocol or any other wireless protocol.

As further illustrated, a plurality of sensors 1360 may couple to SoC1310. These sensors may include various accelerometer, environmental andother sensors, including user gesture sensors. Finally, an audio codec1365 is coupled to SoC 1310 to provide an interface to an audio outputdevice 1370. Of course understand that while shown with this particularimplementation in FIG. 13, many variations and alternatives arepossible.

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 13, in someembodiments, the system 1300 may include the compression accelerator 130and the compression software 120 shown in FIG. 1A. Further, the system1300 may include some or all of the functionality described above withreference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

Referring now to FIG. 14, a block diagram of a representative computersystem 1400 such as notebook, Ultrabook™ or other small form factorsystem. A processor 1410, in one embodiment, includes a microprocessor,multi-core processor, multithreaded processor, an ultra low voltageprocessor, an embedded processor, or other known processing element. Inthe illustrated implementation, processor 1410 acts as a main processingunit and central hub for communication with many of the variouscomponents of the system 1400. As one example, processor 1410 isimplemented as a SoC.

Processor 1410, in one embodiment, communicates with a system memory1415. As an illustrative example, the system memory 1415 is implementedvia multiple memory devices or modules to provide for a given amount ofsystem memory.

To provide for persistent storage of information such as data,applications, one or more operating systems and so forth, a mass storage1420 may also couple to processor 1410. In various embodiments, toenable a thinner and lighter system design as well as to improve systemresponsiveness, this mass storage may be implemented via a SSD or themass storage may primarily be implemented using a hard disk drive (HDD)with a smaller amount of SSD storage to act as a SSD cache to enablenon-volatile storage of context state and other such information duringpower down events so that a fast power up can occur on re-initiation ofsystem activities. Also shown in FIG. 14, a flash device 1422 may becoupled to processor 1410, e.g., via a serial peripheral interface(SPI). This flash device may provide for non-volatile storage of systemsoftware, including a basic input/output software (BIOS) as well asother firmware of the system.

Various input/output (I/O) devices may be present within system 1400.Specifically shown in the embodiment of FIG. 14 is a display 1424 whichmay be a high definition LCD or LED panel that further provides for atouch screen 1425. In one embodiment, display 1424 may be coupled toprocessor 1410 via a display interconnect that can be implemented as ahigh performance graphics interconnect. Touch screen 1425 may be coupledto processor 1410 via another interconnect, which in an embodiment canbe an I²C interconnect. As further shown in FIG. 14, in addition totouch screen 1425, user input by way of touch can also occur via a touchpad 1430 which may be configured within the chassis and may also becoupled to the same I²C interconnect as touch screen 1425.

For perceptual computing and other purposes, various sensors may bepresent within the system and may be coupled to processor 1410 indifferent manners. Certain inertial and environmental sensors may coupleto processor 1410 through a sensor hub 1440, e.g., via an I²Cinterconnect. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 14, these sensors mayinclude an accelerometer 1441, an ambient light sensor (ALS) 1442, acompass 1443 and a gyroscope 1444. Other environmental sensors mayinclude one or more thermal sensors 1446 which in some embodimentscouple to processor 1410 via a system management bus (SMBus) bus.

Also seen in FIG. 14, various peripheral devices may couple to processor1410 via a low pin count (LPC) interconnect. In the embodiment shown,various components can be coupled through an embedded controller 1435.Such components can include a keyboard 1436 (e.g., coupled via a PS2interface), a fan 1437, and a thermal sensor 1439. In some embodiments,touch pad 1430 may also couple to EC 1435 via a PS2 interface. Inaddition, a security processor such as a trusted platform module (TPM)1438 in accordance with the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) TPMSpecification Version 1.2, dated Oct. 2, 2003, may also couple toprocessor 1410 via this LPC interconnect.

System 1400 can communicate with external devices in a variety ofmanners, including wirelessly. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 14,various wireless modules, each of which can correspond to a radioconfigured for a particular wireless communication protocol, arepresent. One manner for wireless communication in a short range such asa near field may be via a NFC unit 1445 which may communicate, in oneembodiment with processor 1410 via an SMBus. Note that via this NFC unit1445, devices in close proximity to each other can communicate.

As further seen in FIG. 14, additional wireless units can include othershort range wireless engines including a WLAN unit 1450 and a Bluetoothunit 1452. Using WLAN unit 1450, Wi-Fi™ communications in accordancewith a given IEEE 802.11 standard can be realized, while via Bluetoothunit 1452, short range communications via a Bluetooth protocol canoccur. These units may communicate with processor 1410 via, e.g., a USBlink or a universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) link. Orthese units may couple to processor 1410 via an interconnect accordingto a PCIe™ protocol or another such protocol such as a serial datainput/output (SDIO) standard.

In addition, wireless wide area communications, e.g., according to acellular or other wireless wide area protocol, can occur via a WWAN unit1456 which in turn may couple to a subscriber identity module (SIM)1457. In addition, to enable receipt and use of location information, aGPS module 1455 may also be present. Note that in the embodiment shownin FIG. 14, WWAN unit 1456 and an integrated capture device such as acamera module 1454 may communicate via a given USB protocol such as aUSB 2.0 or 3.0 link, or a UART or I²C protocol.

An integrated camera module 1454 can be incorporated in the lid. Toprovide for audio inputs and outputs, an audio processor can beimplemented via a digital signal processor (DSP) 1460, which may coupleto processor 1410 via a high definition audio (HDA) link. Similarly, DSP1460 may communicate with an integrated coder/decoder (CODEC) andamplifier 1462 that in turn may couple to output speakers 1463 which maybe implemented within the chassis. Similarly, amplifier and CODEC 1462can be coupled to receive audio inputs from a microphone 1465 which inan embodiment can be implemented via dual array microphones (such as adigital microphone array) to provide for high quality audio inputs toenable voice-activated control of various operations within the system.Note also that audio outputs can be provided from amplifier/CODEC 1462to a headphone jack 1464. Although shown with these particularcomponents in the embodiment of FIG. 14, understand the scope of thepresent invention is not limited in this regard.

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 14, in someembodiments, the system 1400 may include the compression accelerator 130and the compression software 120 shown in FIG. 1A. Further, the system1400 may include some or all of the functionality described above withreference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

Embodiments may be implemented in many different system types. Referringnow to FIG. 15, shown is a block diagram of a system in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 15,multiprocessor system 1500 is a point-to-point interconnect system, andincludes a first processor 1570 and a second processor 1580 coupled viaa point-to-point interconnect 1550. As shown in FIG. 15, each ofprocessors 1570 and 1580 may be multicore processors, including firstand second processor cores (i.e., processor cores 1574 a and 1574 b andprocessor cores 1584 a and 1584 b), although potentially many more coresmay be present in the processors. Each of the processors can include aPCU or other power management logic to perform processor-based powermanagement as described herein.

Still referring to FIG. 15, first processor 1570 further includes amemory controller hub (MCH) 1572 and point-to-point (P-P) interfaces1576 and 1578. Similarly, second processor 1580 includes a MCH 1582 andP-P interfaces 1586 and 1588. As shown in FIG. 15, MCH's 1572 and 1582couple the processors to respective memories, namely a memory 1532 and amemory 1534, which may be portions of system memory (e.g., DRAM) locallyattached to the respective processors. First processor 1570 and secondprocessor 1580 may be coupled to a chipset 1590 via P-P interconnects1562 and 1564, respectively. As shown in FIG. 15, chipset 1590 includesP-P interfaces 1594 and 1598.

Furthermore, chipset 1590 includes an interface 1592 to couple chipset1590 with a high performance graphics engine 1538, by a P-P interconnect1539. In turn, chipset 1590 may be coupled to a first bus 1516 via aninterface 1596. As shown in FIG. 15, various input/output (I/O) devices1514 may be coupled to first bus 1516, along with a bus bridge 1518which couples first bus 1516 to a second bus 1520. Various devices maybe coupled to second bus 1520 including, for example, a keyboard/mouse1522, communication devices 1526 and a data storage unit 1528 such as adisk drive or other mass storage device which may include code 1530, inone embodiment. Further, an audio I/O 1524 may be coupled to second bus1520. Embodiments can be incorporated into other types of systemsincluding mobile devices such as a smart cellular telephone, tabletcomputer, netbook, Ultrabook™, or so forth.

Although not shown for ease of illustration in FIG. 15, in someembodiments, the system 1500 may include the compression accelerator 130and the compression software 120 shown in FIG. 1A. Further, the system1500 may include some or all of the functionality described above withreference to FIGS. 2A-2E.

Embodiments may be implemented in code and may be stored on anon-transitory storage medium having stored thereon instructions whichcan be used to program a system to perform the instructions. The storagemedium may include, but is not limited to, any type of disk includingfloppy disks, optical disks, solid state drives (SSDs), compact diskread-only memories (CD-ROMs), compact disk rewritables (CD-RWs), andmagneto-optical disks, semiconductor devices such as read-only memories(ROMs), random access memories (RAMs) such as dynamic random accessmemories (DRAMs), static random access memories (SRAMs), erasableprogrammable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, electricallyerasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), magnetic or opticalcards, or any other type of media suitable for storing electronicinstructions.

The following clauses and/or examples pertain to further embodiments.

In one example, a processor for performing data compression comprises: aplurality of hardware processing cores, and a compression acceleratorcoupled to the plurality of hardware processing cores. The compressionaccelerator is to: receive input data to be compressed; select aparticular intermediate format of a plurality of intermediate formatsbased on a type of compression software to be executed by at least oneof the plurality of hardware processing cores; perform a duplicatestring elimination operation on the input data to generate a partiallycompressed output in the particular intermediate format; and provide thepartially compressed output in the particular intermediate format to thecompression software, wherein the compression software is to perform anencoding operation on the partially compressed output to generate afinal compressed output.

In an example, the compression software is to perform the encodingoperation only on partially compressed data having the particularintermediate format of the plurality of intermediate formats.

In an example, the compression accelerator uses length-distance pairs toencode duplicated strings within the input data.

In an example, the encoding operation comprises using dynamic Huffmancoding.

In an example, the compression accelerator is to: determine symbolfrequencies for the input data; and provide the symbol frequencies tothe compression software.

In an example, the compression accelerator is further to adjust aplurality of settings for the duplicate string elimination operationbased on the type of compression software, wherein the plurality ofsettings comprise a minimum string match size, a maximum string matchsize, and a history window size.

In an example, the particular intermediate format of a plurality ofintermediate formats comprises: a 16-bit word for each literal; and a32-bit word for each length-distance pair.

In an example, the particular intermediate format of a plurality ofintermediate formats comprises: an 8-bit word for each length of literalrun symbol; a 24-bit word for each short symbol; and a 32-bit word foreach long symbol.

In another example, a method for performing data compression includes:receiving, at a hardware accelerator, input data to be compressed;determining, by the hardware accelerator, symbol frequencies for theinput data; performing, by the hardware accelerator, a first compressionoperation on the input data to generate a partially compressed output inan intermediate format; and sending the partially compressed output andthe symbol frequencies from the hardware accelerator to logic to enablea second compression operation using the partially compressed output andthe symbol frequencies to be performed to generate a final compressedoutput.

In an example, the method also includes selecting the intermediateformat from a plurality of intermediate formats based on a type of thesecond compression operation.

In an example, the first compression operation comprises using aLempel-Ziv compression algorithm.

In an example, the second compression operation comprises using aHuffman coding.

In an example, performing the first and second compression operationstogether comprises performing a complete lossless compression algorithm.

In another example, a machine readable medium has stored thereon data,which if used by at least one machine, causes the at least one machineto fabricate at least one integrated circuit to perform the method ofany of the above examples.

In another example, an apparatus for processing instructions isconfigured to perform the method of any of the above examples.

In another example, a system for performing data compression comprises acompression co-processor, at least one general purpose processor, and adynamic random access memory (DRAM) coupled to the at least one generalpurpose processor and the compression co-processor. The compressionco-processor is to: receive input data to be compressed; select aparticular intermediate format of a plurality of intermediate formats;and perform a duplicate string elimination operation on the input datato generate a table of symbol frequencies and a partially compressedoutput in the particular intermediate format. The at least one generalpurpose processor is to execute a compression application to: receivethe table of symbol frequencies and the partially compressed output inthe particular intermediate format from the compression co-processor;and perform an encoding operation using the table of symbol frequenciesand the partially compressed output to generate a final compressedoutput.

In an example, the compression co-processor is to select the particularintermediate format of the plurality of intermediate formats based on atype of encoding operation to be performed by the compressionapplication.

In an example, the compression co-processor is to adjust a compressionratio of the duplicate string elimination operation based on the type ofencoding operation to be performed by the compression application.

In an example, the duplicate string elimination operation and theencoding operation are sequential stages that together form a completelossless compression operation.

In an example, the particular intermediate format of a plurality ofintermediate formats comprises: a 16-bit word for each literal; and a32-bit word for each length-distance pair. In an example, the 32-bitword for each length-distance pair comprises: a 9-bit length code field;a 5-bit length extra bits field; a 5-bit distance code field; and a13-bit distance extra bits field.

In an example, the particular intermediate format of a plurality ofintermediate formats comprises: an 8-bit word for each length of literalrun symbol; a 24-bit word for each short symbol; and a 32-bit word foreach long symbol. In an example, the 24-bit word for each short symbolcomprises an 7-bit length code field and a 16-bit distance code field,and wherein the 32-bit word for each long symbol comprises an 8-bitlength code field and a 16-bit distance code field.

In an example, the first compression operation comprises using aLempel-Ziv compression algorithm.

In an example, the second compression operation comprises using aHuffman coding.

Understand that various combinations of the above examples are possible.

Embodiments may be used in many different types of systems. For example,in one embodiment a communication device can be arranged to perform thevarious methods and techniques described herein. Of course, the scope ofthe present invention is not limited to a communication device, andinstead other embodiments can be directed to other types of apparatusfor processing instructions, or one or more machine readable mediaincluding instructions that in response to being executed on a computingdevice, cause the device to carry out one or more of the methods andtechniques described herein.

References throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristicdescribed in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneimplementation encompassed within the present invention. Thus,appearances of the phrase “one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” are notnecessarily referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, theparticular features, structures, or characteristics may be instituted inother suitable forms other than the particular embodiment illustratedand all such forms may be encompassed within the claims of the presentapplication.

While the present invention has been described with respect to a limitednumber of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerousmodifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appendedclaims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within thetrue spirit and scope of this present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A processor comprising: a plurality of hardwareprocessing cores; and a compression accelerator coupled to the pluralityof hardware processing cores, the compression accelerator to: receiveinput data to be compressed; select a particular intermediate format ofa plurality of intermediate formats based on a type of compressionsoftware to be executed by at least one of the plurality of hardwareprocessing cores; perform a duplicate string elimination operation onthe input data to generate a partially compressed output in theparticular intermediate format; and provide the partially compressedoutput in the particular intermediate format to the compressionsoftware, wherein the compression software is to perform an encodingoperation on the partially compressed output to generate a finalcompressed output.
 2. The processor of claim 1, wherein the compressionsoftware is to perform the encoding operation only on partiallycompressed data having the particular intermediate format of theplurality of intermediate formats.
 3. The processor of claim 1, whereinthe compression accelerator uses length-distance pairs to encodeduplicated strings within the input data.
 4. The processor of claim 1,wherein the encoding operation comprises using dynamic Huffman coding.5. The processor of claim 1, wherein the compression accelerator is to:determine symbol frequencies for the input data; and provide the symbolfrequencies to the compression software.
 6. The processor of claim 1,wherein the compression accelerator is further to adjust a plurality ofsettings for the duplicate string elimination operation based on thetype of compression software, wherein the plurality of settings comprisea minimum string match size, a maximum string match size, and a historywindow size.
 7. The processor of claim 1, wherein the particularintermediate format of a plurality of intermediate formats comprises: a16-bit word for each literal; and a 32-bit word for each length-distancepair.
 8. The processor of claim 1, wherein the particular intermediateformat of a plurality of intermediate formats comprises: an 8-bit wordfor each length of literal run symbol; a 24-bit word for each shortsymbol; and a 32-bit word for each long symbol.
 9. A method comprising:receiving, at a hardware accelerator, input data to be compressed;determining, by the hardware accelerator, symbol frequencies for theinput data; performing, by the hardware accelerator, a first compressionoperation on the input data to generate a partially compressed output inan intermediate format; and sending the partially compressed output andthe symbol frequencies from the hardware accelerator to logic to enablea second compression operation using the partially compressed output andthe symbol frequencies to be performed to generate a final compressedoutput.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising selecting theintermediate format from a plurality of intermediate formats based on atype of the second compression operation.
 11. The method of claim 9,wherein the first compression operation comprises using a Lempel-Zivcompression algorithm.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the secondcompression operation comprises using a Huffman coding.
 13. A systemcomprising: a compression co-processor to: receive input data to becompressed; select a particular intermediate format of a plurality ofintermediate formats; and perform a duplicate string eliminationoperation on the input data to generate a table of symbol frequenciesand a partially compressed output in the particular intermediate format;at least one general purpose processor to execute a compressionapplication to: receive the table of symbol frequencies and thepartially compressed output in the particular intermediate format fromthe compression co-processor; and perform an encoding operation usingthe table of symbol frequencies and the partially compressed output togenerate a final compressed output; and a dynamic random access memory(DRAM) coupled to the at least one general purpose processor and thecompression co-processor.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein thecompression co-processor is to select the particular intermediate formatof the plurality of intermediate formats based on a type of encodingoperation to be performed by the compression application.
 15. The systemof claim 14, wherein the compression co-processor is further to adjust acompression ratio of the duplicate string elimination operation based onthe type of encoding operation to be performed by the compressionapplication.
 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the duplicate stringelimination operation and the encoding operation are sequential stagesthat together form a complete lossless compression operation.
 17. Thesystem of claim 13, wherein the particular intermediate format of aplurality of intermediate formats comprises: a 16-bit word for eachliteral; and a 32-bit word for each length-distance pair.
 18. The systemof claim 17, wherein the 32-bit word for each length-distance paircomprises: a 9-bit length code field; a 5-bit length extra bits field; a5-bit distance code field; and a 13-bit distance extra bits field. 19.The system of claim 13, wherein the particular intermediate format of aplurality of intermediate formats comprises: an 8-bit word for eachlength of literal run symbol; a 24-bit word for each short symbol; and a32-bit word for each long symbol.
 20. The system of claim 19, whereinthe 24-bit word for each short symbol comprises an 7-bit length codefield and a 16-bit distance code field, and wherein the 32-bit word foreach long symbol comprises an 8-bit length code field and a 16-bitdistance code field.